Q: What is frostbite and how does it affect the body?

A: Frostbite can occur in cold conditions when cells that make up exposed skin tissues freeze, lodging ice crystals into the cells, said James Strauss, senior lecturer of biology at Penn State. These crystals then puncture small holes into cell membrane, killing the skin tissues, he said.

"For most mild cases of frostbite, it will appear as either reddened or even white areas on the tips of your fingers or toes," he said. The risk of getting frostbite is fairly low walking to and from class provided that you are dressed properly, he said.

"The biggest risk with students here would be mixing really cold temperatures with alcohol consumption. Alcohol impairs your judgment, and this is when frostbite can become a factor. Students can't feel what is happening to their bodies, with their extremities," Strauss said.

Because frostbite is caused by extreme cold, it can be easily treated by moving the affected person to a warmer place, said Margaret Spear, director of Health Services at Penn State.

Once inside, the affected areas should be put in warm -- not hot -- water until sensation returns. Another form of treatment is to wrap, but not rub, the affected area to protect the tissues from further damage, she said.

"Wear suitable clothing in cold temperatures, before prolonged exposure to cold, do not drink alcohol or smoke -- smoking also has a negative affect on circulation -- and if you are caught in a severe snowstorm, seek shelter or try to maintain a higher level of activity to maintain body warmth," she said.

-Compiled by Jennifer Lynch